LIST OF SYMBOLS

1 INTRODUCTION

1—1 Historical Perspective

1—2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems

1—3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms

1—4 Organization of the Book

1—5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB

1—6 Block Diagram of a Communication System

1—7 Frequency Allocations

1—8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

1—9 Information Measure

1—10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems

1—11 Coding

            Block Codes

            Convolutional Codes

            Code Interleaving

            Code Performance

            Trellis-Coded Modulation

1—12 Preview

1—13 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA

2—1 Properties of Signals and Noise

            Physically Realizable Waveforms

            Time Average Operator

            DC Value

            Power

            RMS Value and Normalized Power

            Energy and Power Waveforms

            Decibel

            Phasors

2—2 Fourier Transform and Spectra

            Definition

            Properties of Fourier Transforms

            Parseval’s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density

            Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function

            Rectangular and Triangular-Pulses

            Convolution

2—3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function

            Power Spectral Density

            Autocorrelation Function

2—4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise

            Orthogonal Functions

            Orthogonal Series

2—5 Fourier Series

            Complex Fourier Series

            Quadrature Fourier Series

            Polar Fourier Series

            Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms

            Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms

2—6 Review of Linear Systems

            Linear Time-Invariant Systems

            Impulse Response

            Transfer Function

            Distortionless Transmission

            Distortion of Audio, Video, and Data Signals

2—7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise

            Bandlimited Waveforms

            Sampling Theorem

            Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

            Dimensionality Theorem

2—8 Discrete Fourier Transform

            Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform

            Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series

2—9 Bandwidth of Signals

2—10 Summary

2—11 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

3—1 Introduction

3—2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation

            Natural Sampling (Gating)

            Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM)

3—3 Pulse Code Modulation

            Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding,

            Practical PCM Circuits

            Bandwidth of PCM Signals

            Effects of Noise

            Nonuniform Quantizing:  -Law and A-Law Companding

            V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem

3—4 Digital Signaling

            Vector Representation

            Bandwidth Estimation

            Binary Signaling

            Multilevel Signaling

3—5 Line Codes and Spectra

            Binary Line Coding

            Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes

            Differential Coding

            Eye Patterns

            Regenerative Repeaters

            Bit Synchronization

            Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals

            Spectral Efficiency

3—6 Intersymbol Interference

            Nyquist’s First Method (Zero ISI)

            Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering

            Nyquist’s Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI

3—7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation

3—8 Delta Modulation

            Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise

            Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope

            Delta Modulation

            Speech Coding

3—9 Time-Division Multiplexing

            Frame Synchronization

            Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines

            TDM Hierarchy

            The T1 PCM System

3—10 Packet Transmission System

3—11 Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation

3—12 Summary

3—13 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS

4—1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms

            Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation

            Complex Envelope Representation

4—2 Representation of Modulated Signals

4—3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals

4—4 Evaluation of Power

4—5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion

            Equivalent Low-Pass Filter

            Linear Distortion

4—6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem

4—7 Received Signal Plus Noise

4—8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers

            Filters

            Amplifiers

4—9 Nonlinear Distortion

4—10 Limiters

4—11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters

4—12 Frequency Multipliers

4—13 Detector Circuits

            Envelope Detector

            Product Detector

            Frequency Modulation Detector

4—14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers

4—15 Direct Digital Synthesis

4—16 Transmitters and Receivers

            Generalized Transmitters

            Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver

            Zero-IF Receivers

            Interference

4—17 Software Radios

4—18 Summary

4—19 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS

5—1 Amplitude Modulation

5—2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards

            Digital AM Broadcasting

5—3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

5—4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop

5—5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals

            Single Sideband

            Vestigial Sideband

5—6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation

            Representation of PM and FM signals

            Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals

            Narrowband Angle Modulation

            Wideband Frequency Modulation

            Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems

5—7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo

5—8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards

            Digital FM Braodcasting

5—9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling

            On-Off Keying (OOK)

            Binary-Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)

            Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)

            Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)

5—10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling

            Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK)

            Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

            OQPSK and  /4 QPSK

            PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK and  /4 QPSK

            Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and  /4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering

5—11 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK) and GMSK

5—12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

5—13 Spread Spectrum Systems

            Direct Sequence

            Frequency Hopping

            SS Frequency Bands

5—14 Summary

5—15 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

6—1 Some Basic Definitions

            Random Processes

            Stationarity and Ergodicity

            Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity

            Complex Random Processes

6—2 Power Spectral Density

            Definition

            Wiener-Khintchine Theorem

            Properties of the PSD

            General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals

            White Noise Processes

            Measurement of PSD

6—3 Dc and Rms Values for Ergodic Random Processes

6—4 Linear Systems

            Input-Output Relationships

6—5 Bandwidth Measures

            Equivalent Bandwidth

            Rms Bandwidth

6—6 The Gaussian Random Process

            Properties of Gaussian Processes

6—7 Bandpass Processes

            Bandpass Representations

            Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes

            Proofs of Some Properties

6—8 Matched Filters

            General Results

            Results for White Noise

            Correlation Processing

            Transversal Matched Filter

6—9 Summary

6—10 Appendix: Proof of Schwarz’s Inequality

6—11 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

            CORRUPTED BY NOISE

7—1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling

            General Results

            Results for Gaussian Noise

            Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception

            Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception

7—2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems

            Unipolar Signaling

            Polar Signaling

            Bipolar Signaling

7—3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals

            On-Off Keying

            Binary-Phase-Shift Keying

            Frequency-Shift Keying

7—4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals

            On-Off Keying

            Frequency-Shift Keying

            Differential Phase-Shift Keying

7—5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying

7—6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems

            Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth

            Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling

            Synchronization

7—7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems

7—8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems

            Comparison with Baseband Systems

            AM Systems with Product Detection

            AM Systems with Envelope Detection

            DSB-SC Systems

            SSB Systems

            PM Systems

            FM Systems

            FM Systems with Threshold Extension

            FM Systems with Deemphasis

7—9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems

            Ideal System Performance

7—10 Summary

7—11 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8—1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications

8—2 Telephone Systems

            Historical Basis

            Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals

8—3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)

            G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines

            Video On Demand (VOD)

            Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)

8—4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks

8—5 Satellite Communication Systems

            Digital and Analog Television Transmission

            Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access

            Satellite Radio Broadcasting

8—6 Link Budget Analysis

            Signal Power Received

            Thermal Noise Sources

            Characterization of Noise Sources

            Noise Characterization of Linear Devices

            Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices

            Link Budget Evaluation

            Eb/N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems

            Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments

8—7 Fiber Optic Systems

8—8 Cellular Telephone Systems

            First Generation (1G)–The AMPS Analog System

            Second Generation (2G)–The Digital Systems

            The 1,900-MHz Band PCS Systems

            Status of 2G Networks

            Third Generation (3G) Systems

8—9 Television

            Black-and-White Television

            MTS Stereo Sound

            Color Television

            Standards for TV and CATV Systems

            Digital TV (DTV)

8—10 Cable Data Modems

8—11 Wireless Data Networks

            Wi-Fi

            Wi-Max

8—12 Summary

8—13 Study-Aid Examples

Problems

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES, IDENTITIES,

AND TABLES

A—1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers

            Definitions

            Trigonometric Identities

A—2 Differential Calculus

            Definition

            Differentiation Rules

            Derivative Table

A—3 Indeterminate Forms

A—4 Integral Calculus

            Definition

            Integration Techniques

A—5 Integral Tables

            Indefinite Integrals

            Definite Integrals

A—6 Series Expansions

            Finite Series

            Infinite Series

A—7 Hilbert Transform Pairs

A—8 The Dirac Delta Function

            Properties of Dirac Delta Function

A—9 Tabulation of Sa(x)   (sin x)/x

A—10 Tabulation of Q(z )

APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES

B—1 Introduction

B—2 Sets

B—3 Probability and Relative Frequency

            Simple Probability

            Joint Probability

            Conditional Probabilities

B—4 Random Variables

B—5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and

            Probability Density Functions

            Properties of CDFs and PDFs

            Discrete and Continuous Distributions

B—6 Ensemble Average and Moments

            Ensemble Average

            Moments

B—7 Examples of Important Distributions

            Binomial Distribution

            Poisson Distribution

            Uniform Distribution

            Gaussian Distribution

            Sinusoidal Distribution

B—8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables

B—9 Multivariate Statistics

            Multivariate CDFs and PDFs

            Bivariate Statistics

            Gaussian Bivariate Distribution

            Multivariate Functional Transformation

            Central Limit Theorem

            Problems

APPENDIX C USING MATLAB

C—1 Quick Start for Running M-Files

C—2 Programming in MATLAB

REFERENCES

INDEX